Zhang Luo*

ABSTRACT

Biological thermodynamics provides a framework to understand the energy transformations occurring within living organisms and their biochemical pathways. This study explores the fundamental thermodynamic principles governing enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including the influence of temperature, pH, ionic strength, and substrate concentrations on reaction kinetics. Furthermore, it highlights the application of Haldane relationships in connecting kinetic parameters to apparent equilibrium constants and contrasts standard and modified thermodynamic approaches for physiological reactions. Insights into free energy changes, reaction spontaneity, and the coupling of endergonic and exergonic processes are discussed. Keywords: Biological thermodynamics; Enzyme kinetics; Exergonic and endergonic reactions; ATP hydrolysis; Activation energy